总结托福考试写作笔记————完整版

发表于 分类于 ， 阅读次数： Valine：
本文字数： 18k 阅读时长 ≈ 16 分钟

篇幅较长，直接看吧！

综合写作

Step1 - 阅读结构：四段式 总分分分
全文主旨在：首段末句
其余各段主旨在：各段首句
背单词背单词背单词！！！
Step2 - 听力结构：逐条反驳
2 min Listen for：解释和例子都要写！！！比听力更详细
Step3 - 写作
Reading reappears
Finish in （15）minutes

综合写作框架和模板：

中文框架

1听力和阅读讨论了+议题。阅读认为+R总论点，被听力所反驳。
2首先，阅读说+R分论点1.而听力反驳了这个说法,这是因为+L分论点1+分论据1
3其次，阅读说+R分论点2.而听力反驳了这个说法,这是因为+L分论点2+分论据2
4最后，阅读说+R分论点3.而听力反驳了这个说法,这是因为+L分论点3+分论据3

英文模板

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开头： The listening and reading materials have a debate on 议题. The writer believes that +总论点  ,  which is contradicted by the following lecturer.
1. First, the writer claims that 分论点1 （没句号） while the speaker views this issue from an opposite angle. According to him/her, 分论点1+分论据1
2. Secondly, the author states that 分论点2 . However, the lecturer opposes the writer’s opinion by saying that 分论点2+分论据2
3. Thirdly, the passage argues that 分论点3 . By contrast, in accordance with the professor, the reading’s claim does not hold water站得住脚 because 分论点3+分论据3

更清晰————
要背的的综合写作模板：
不写结尾（完整文章就是Passage vs lecture）

独立写作

开头：背景引入—改写题中观点—自己观点

开头段和主体思路的例子

背景引入-找集合

模板1——

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The （tertiary education） has long been the center of public attention. （集合）
= Recently, … has been brought to the center of public attention.
Some people claim(替think) that compared with professors and lecturers, advanced school facilities should be given more emphasis. （子集）
However, from！！！！ my perspective, it is the quality of staff that determines a university. （针对子集回答）

模板2——

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When it comes to （whether people should make a pragmatic plan）/setting goals, opinions vary, based on people’s diverse backgrounds, experiences, and values. (复数)
Some people claim that a challenging goal is better. However, from my perspective, a pragmatic one enjoys more merits.
= Some people consider that... while/whereas others believe that... As for me, my favor goes to the former/ the latter.

背景引入-找原因

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To (ensure a satisfactory result), many task performers stick to a practical plan with foreseeable outcomes, instead of a challenging one with uncertainties. However, I'd prefer the latter one for it brings us more efficiency, creativity and sense of achievement.

背景引入-找名人名言

名人名言1：
26 th president :””
Just as Theodore Roosevelt, the 32th president of the States, once put it, “the most important single ingredient in the formula of success is knowing how to get along with people” Success depends on network to a large degree.
名人名言2：
Just as Thomas Edison, the best-known American inventor and business man, once put it, “I have not failed, I have just found 10000 ways that will not work”
名人名言3：
Just as Aristotle, “Father of Western Philosophy”, once put it, “Excellence, therefore, is not an act, but a habit” 亚里士多德：优秀是一种习惯
不知道是谁说的——
1 just as an old saying goes “knowledge is power”
2 just as an ancient Chinese proverb谚语 goes

背景引入-排比反问

背景引入-个例引入

结尾：总的来说，经过上文的分析，可以很合理/自然地得到的结论为。。。。

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To sum up, taking into account/from all the factor discussed above, it is natural to draw the conclusion that competition can promote friendship.

中间段：主题句+解释+例证+小结

主题句

解释——本质：因果论证

Is no longer beyond reach//可及
I am forever on a diet
In that(与except反)

  • This is because/since/in that
  • The primary reason is that
  • To be more specific, …/ specifically,
  • In detail, …/ To explain it further, …

解释展开——CHEMIST
Convenience
Health & Safety
Environment
Money
Interpersonal relationship & relax
Success(quality见下)
Technology: information technology(IT) communication technology(CT) industrial Automation(IA) transpotation technology(TT)

A/D: It is better to travel abroad than to travel domestically.

Disagree(国内游好) travel at home
First, traveling domestically is more convenient. Unlike foreign ones, domestic tour does not entail

getting a visa
Exchanging currency
And learning a foreign language

例证

例证的原则：具体性+有效细节
Eg.证明：收入越高，生活质量越高 //对比以下两段内容
例证细节填充

小结

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Therefore/ Thus/ Hence/ So
= It seems clear/ obvious/ evident that…
= It is imperative for sb to do…

谋篇布局

独立写作文章结构

单边论证
A+A+A+
双边论证
A+A+ B+/A-或B+/A- A+A+
其中B+/A-是让步段
A+A+ A+>A-（A的好处更大）
分情况讨论
分情况讨论的例子1
分情况讨论的例子2

何时用单边论证？

1 第一维度，能单则单
2 今昔对比题
3 因果题

何时用双边论证？（让步段）

双边论证的例子
1 绝对词题必须用!
However, to say … , is an overstatement
is too exaggerated
2 利弊比较 虽然A+ 但是B-
3 第一维度论点想不全时， 用双边

让步段模板

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1.让步段主旨句（语气削弱）
Admittedly/ Granted,
Some people may/might削弱语气防止前后矛盾 argue that marrying FJ is a  bad idea.
This, in their mind, is because (she is deformed to some extent/degree.)
2.原因+展开：
3.转折：however
(1) 重要性转折：
However, on balance, it seems to be secondary/insignificant
However, to say… is an overstatement.
However, the benefits of … outweigh its demerits. 好处超过坏处
(2) 解决方案转折:
However, as long as +解决方案, the problem will be solved
(3) 利弊转化：
However if viewed from a different angle, it also means。。。//具体的优先
主语与主句相同时，省略主谓
However, it is not the case in reality. //实在想不出来写这个

独立写作常见主题

学校类

学生题常用思路Quality+job

1 academic performance
be instrumental in performing …/be beneficial to …
get to show a better …/ enable them to show a better …
! acquire more knowledge
! arouse interest
! efficiency: reduce time&errors, concentrate
2 foster skills and qualities三大能力十大品质
Communication skills = interpersonal relationship
Organizing skills = multitasking
Leadership/ charisma
3 professional development
! land a job 找到工作
! promotion

老师题常用思路

1 benefit teacher/ lecturer/ professor
Teaching methods
Achievement/ satisfaction/ motivation
2 benefit students 学习、工作、品质

学校题常用思路

1 benefit school (Reputation/ enrollment)
earn/ build/ establish reputation
donation(from alumni，company, gov)
2 benefit students 学习能力工作

工作类（工作相关表达见后文）

拆分角度1：
1 员工 staff前无a the , 复数/ employee
2 老板
3 公司

拆分角度2：
1 professional life
high salary
efficiency/ productivity
2 personal life = interpersonal relationship
Colleague/ subordinates下属：cooperate, common/ shared topics
employee: trust appreciation
client: public, image, reputation

友谊类

友谊意义（立论）
1 education
!Academic !personal development
2 professional life
!locate a career !promotion
3 personal life 运动放松
!Physical health !mental health: loosen up
友谊杀手（驳论）
1 no communication
! no topics ! no time
2 no assistance
Cannot solve problems in the workplace & daily life

可替换的表达

综合写作的同义改写：下一次考试调换顺序写就行

  • 听力：professor speaker lecturer
  • 阅读：reading passage, writer, author, article
  • 说：claim argue state
  • 反驳：refute rebut deny challenge doubt question

    替换词：

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    Important = vital essential significant considerable(big&important) crucial critical
    regarding = concerning = with/ in regard to sth = about
    Example = case/instance/fact
    Be in charge of = takes charge of /is responsible for/manages
    Corporation = company = firm
    huge = gigantic/ tremendous/ enormous/ vast/ massive/ colossal
    Spare time = off-work time/ leisure time/ vacation

独立写作开头替换：

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Some = Quite a few/ a large proportion比率 of / the vast majority of
People = individuals/根据上下文experts scientists educationists    tax payer
Claim = state/argue about something(that)/consider/reckon直接替换think/prefer go   for  choose
However =nevertheless/nonetheless
From my perspective = in my opinion/as far as I see /as far as I am concerned/from my point of view/As for me

独立写作结尾替换：

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All in all / To sum up / In conclusion / In a nutshell（正式用法） /On the whole, …(As a whole)

from what has//看what指什么 单or复 been discussed above,
taking into account all the factors discussed above,
considering all the factors above,
from all the analysis above,

it is (safe /natural/ reasonable)  to (come to / draw / reach / arrive at) the conclusion that…+ 全文总论点同义改写

主题句

次序

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First = first of all/ most of all/ in the first place/ to begin with/ first and foremost/ to start with/ for starters不正式不要写/ first off
Second = moreover/ in addition/ furthermore/ additionally/ in the second place/ in the next place/ besides
Third = last but not least没有the！！！/at last / eventually/ lastly /finally

A有助于B⋯/A能使B⋯

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1 A allows/ permits/ enables sb to do 有助于
2 A is instrumental in doing = be beneficial to
3 A provide sb with great opportunities to do
4 by doing A, sb get to do能够做

凑字数：

常用的修饰语: 字多&好看

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1 There is no doubt that…
2 It is obvious/clear that…
3 As is known to all…
4 It goes without saying that…

解释/道理论证

A与B无关（反驳因果关系）

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1 A is nothing to do with B
2 A has little / no effect on B
3 There is no relation between A and B
4 A does not necessarily mean B

A与B有关（因果关系）

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1 A depends/ relies/ hinges on
2 A is determined/ dominated by B
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4 使动用法en

Quality——

学习成功acadamic performance/excellence

成功品质foster qualities and skills（三大能力十大品质）

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//三大能力
1 communicative/ing/tion skills = interpersonal relationship
2 organizing skills = multitasking
3 leadership/ charisma领导力魅力

//十大品质: 定义和名人名言一起记
1 （Diligence） is the mother of good luck.        勤奋和坚持的区别
2 （Persistance） is the twin sister of excellence.
3 （Optimism） is the content of small men in high places.
4 （Independence） is happiness.
5 （Self-discipline） is the bridge between goals and accomplishment.
6 （Tolerance） is the highest result of education.
7 The delicate balance between （modesty） and conceit（自负） is popularity.
8 （Innovation） distinguishes a leader and a follower.
9 Life shrinks or expands in proportion to （courage）.心有多大，舞台就有多大
10 Talent wins games; but （teamwork） wins championships.
名言
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1（奥巴马）的例子-用于证明（Diligence）
One can hardly achieve the ultimate success unless he or she keeps persistent. Take Mr. Obama, the 44th president of the US, for example. When he was young, he was poor at giving the public speech: sometimes he would be so nervous that he would even stammer in front of the audience. However, he thought that in order to become successful, a great eloquence is indispensable. So, for the next consecutive 5 years, not only did he buy a lot of cassettes and repeat after the presidents’ speeches sentence by sentence, but also he practiced speaking in front of the mirror, adjusting his own eye contact and body language little by little. Finally he became proficient in doing the public speech, which laid a solid foundation for his future career development. Therefore, without his perseverance, he could hardly be as successful as he is now.
2（乔布斯）的例子-用于证明（Passion/Devotion）
One can hardly achieve the real success if he just chases after money. Take Steve Jobs for example. When he returned Apple Inc. ten years after he was fired by the company, he just got paid for 1 dollar a year. If he just cared about money, he would never have chosen to be back again. But the low income did not stop him from being enthusiastic about the job he would do in Apple. In a few years, not only did he engage himself in designing great products such as iPhone and iPod, but more importantly, he helped Apple, which was on the brink of bankruptcy, to be back to the summit again. What he achieved was a huge success of course, which could not have become possible without his real devotion to his beloved career, rather than the financial gaining.
3（Kobe）的例子-用于证明（Diligence）
Kobe says he knows well how LA is like in 4 a.m., because that’s when he gets up and takes the training every morning. Is it formidable? Of course—for almost all people, 4 a.m. is a time when we are still in sound sleep, and we have to try really hard before even opening our eyes. But for days, months, and years, Kobe never stopped his physical training and shoot-around, and that’s why we can see this great first-rate player in the basket field.

工作成功professional life

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hunt for a job/land a job/promotion
high salary
working efficiency(分三点：reduce time/error, concentrate)

工作准备 internship career center/advice mock interviews模拟面试

工作相关表达
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1. 找工作
Be competitive in the job market
Win/ gain/ obtain/ attain + competitive edges优势/competitiveness + in +方面
或 ~~~over +人
Hunt for/ search for/ locate/ pursue + job过程  land a job结果
2. 晋升
Get promotion/ advancement
Move up one’s career ladder
友谊类表达
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XXX serves as platform to expand/ broaden one's + social circle/ friend circle/ personal network
Encounter/ come across/ get acquaintance with + those from  diverse/ a large variety of/ different backgrounds and with common/ shared interests or objectives
Build/ establish + a close/ strong/ intimate紧密 + bound/ relationship/ connection with sb

常错词

（1）benefit
（2）Lack
（3）托福常见不加 s 名词
Knowledge information equipment advice evidence feedback
（4）
The sun rises.
We must do everything to raise the per unit yield.
You have one idea, they have another, and problems arise.
arouse hostility/suspicion/resentment/anger etc
arouse interest/expectations etc
（5）outweigh对 outweight错
But the benefits far（） the inconveniences.
Typically, however, the disadvantages of this approach will （） the advantages, especially when XML is sent as the content.
（6）
economy
economics
economic
Economical
（7）介词
Under this background, the department was established in 1974.错
Under the circumstances against the background/ backdrop
Her voice was shaking despite of all her efforts to control it.错
Despite = in spite of 没有despite of

不规则变化名词

basis/ bases analysis/ analyses crisis/ crises
hypothesis/ hypotheses axis/ axes
fungus/ fungi stimulus/ stimuli
datum/ data bacterium/ bacteria medium/ media
spectrum/ spectra emporium/ emporia
phenomenon/ phenomena
His father was a staff in the Salt Affairs Bureau. （x）
The contest employs more than 24800 part-time staffs. （x）
According to archaeological researches, there are traces of domestication of horses from 6000 years ago. （x）
美式，不加es 不加 the
He researches the properties of new materials. （对）

其他知识

年龄阶层

0-1 infant/baby
1-3 toddler
3-5 preschooler
5-12 children
13-19 teenager
20+ young people

Movies：

Home Alone:小鬼当家 independence and courage
Kungfu Panda: courage, persistence and teamwork
Mission Impossible碟中谍 optimism, tolerance, teamwork

青少年面临的挑战有

1 peer pressure
2 identity crisis
3 drug addition/ substance abuse 吸毒
4 alcohol: liquor烈酒 binge drinking暴饮
5 Racial gap
6 Campus violence
7 Juvenile deliquency青少年犯罪
8 underage pregnancy

酒类

Mojito
Whiskey on the rock加冰 bartender酒保
bottle or draft扎啤? a shot
Budweiser Gin金酒 Whiskey neat不加冰

公司

IT公司： Tencent(深圳) NetEase Yelp//美国的大众点评 加班多，工资多
Daily supplies：MARS//糖果 P&G保洁 Johnson’s //婴幼儿
Consulting: Bain 贝恩 Roland Berger 罗兰贝格 要求高， 加班多，各种能力
Assistant：会计 PWC普华 KPMG EY

工作/职责：

negotiate with other companies/ clients
Making the market plan
Building models建模
Audit审计
Organize activities

公司部门

technology/finance/ market/ administrative/human resourses/R&D research and development/ manufacture ~ development

欠发达国家/贫困地区

Zimbabwe
Democratic Republic of Congo
Somalia

句型多样总结：

1 2种全倒装+ 7种半倒装
2 强调
3 状语前置
4 形式主语
5 be of n.
6 非人物开头
7 分号 疑问句
8 There is obvious/ clear … As is known to all

答题&备考小技巧

综合写作

1、总结综合写作的模板没有错误为止
2、综合写作5篇以上练习，计时20分钟完成
3、学科词汇

综合写作Tips:

1 阅读抄原文必死，听力可以复述原文
2 阅读同义改写，听力全都写上
3 综合写作的成功 = 90%的听力练习 + 10%的写作练习

综合写作——考场准备草稿纸

阅读：首段末句+其他段首句
听力：开头不用仔细听，其他部分从分论点开始听，eg. first
反驳方法： → 草纸（8）分 -> 4 阅读 4 听力

综合听力练习方法：

1、模拟考试: 读+听（记笔记）+写，不看原文，不对答案
2、听，补充笔记，重新做题，不看原文，不对答案
3、用Goldwave精听：一句话一句话听，遇见没听清的或者犹豫的听到听出为止，若10遍还听不出来，查看原文，并跟读。全文精听完后（一般40分钟-一小时），对答案。
4、1.2 倍速再听一遍全文，重新记笔记，查缺补漏
5、 在最新的笔记纸上圈出考点

TPO练完了怎么办？

（10）套精听有大提高，（20）套精听一般25+
提升3-5分：（40-50）小时听力
从0备考：200小时

听力十大重点——

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1. 主旨
（1）直接法：OK, So, Now, Alright, today
（2）回顾法：TPO 1- L4
（3）跑题法：TPO 5 - L3
2. （并列）！！！考多选题
both, two changes, another, for one thing
符号：
3. （转折）
It is true that.../ But the fact is.../ Actually..., / In fact, ...
符号：
4. （因果）
the reason is..., because, so
符号：
5. 举例：等同于阅读中的？修辞目的题
Eg.
6. 重复：※ ☆
7. 提问：
记法：左右分开
8. （对比）：
符号：vs    ≠
9. 重读/阴阳怪调：一定出什么题？重听
10. 停顿  
1 电脑上出现单词，抬头记生词
2 学生提问
3 教授换话题

独立写作

独立写作Tips:

1 如果题干中（没有说具体某一类人的时候），则可以不加（背景介绍）；例如，people
如果点明是（大学生/高中生/工作人士），则最好加上，增加（真实感）
2 议论文中，（第一个论点是最强的论点），字数也是最多的，一般用 （个例/事例，撑够字数）。后几段字数够了，用（数例/名人名言）即可。不够就再写一个事例

备考Phase1——先复习笔记

仿写步骤：
step 1：看左上角题目，3分钟判断题型写出思路
step 2：看英文范文，对比思路，学习好词好句
step 3：对照汉语，输出刚学到的好词好句，然后对照英文修改
推荐练习TPO：19，23，25，27，38，39，53，66，105，125

备考Phase2——精写

（3-10）篇 （400）W+ 批改

备考Phase3——限时写

字数：首考400+ 二考500+
每天看一篇范文
三天写一篇
时间节点：考前两天-考前两周

举例

开头段和主体思路的例子

题目： 2018年12月8日（重复20121117NA/20131117ML）
One can learn a lot about another person from the books and the movies that the person likes.

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开头段：
How to learn more about another individual has always been the center of public attention.【替换When it comes to how to learn about another individual, opinions vary, based on people’s various backgrounds, experiences and values.】  Some people prefer to achieve this by learning about star signs, while others suggest judging by their fashion styles. However, from my perspective, one is able to learn a great deal about another person from the books and movies that he or she is fond of.
思路：
SP1: interests and hobbies
auto magazines, TV shows and even movies（The Fast and the Furious） featuring fancy sports cars →
a car freak：all kinds of vehicles like sedan, SUV, recreational vehicles
SP2：character and temperament
romantic novels：Gone With the Wind：emotional
alien novels：creative and willing to take risks

双边论证的例子

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A/D: Which one should the government invest in? Stadia体育场 or museums?
A+ ：First off, stadia （deeply count） for the physical health of general citizens, so investments are heavily needed.
A+：What's more, stadia is the place for all kinds of （rock music concerts）, which provide （temporary escape） for all.
让步段：Granted, museums function in important ways for the society to some degree as well.  Some knowledge can be picked up by visiting the museums, and investment to build the museums is needed. （B+）
However, the problem will be solved if private investments are taken into account. The money for museums doesn't necessarily have to come from the government. In fact, there are so many private investments flocking to this field. eg.  luxury business.

分情况讨论的例子1

A/D: The government should invest money on artists.

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对于（developed countries）：bring merits, enrich spiritual life of general citizens
对于（underdeveloped countries/ poverty-stricken areas欠发达国家/贫困地区）：highly unnecessary

分情况讨论的例子2

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Old building should be knocked down and give way to the new buildings.
From my perspective, whether to conserve or pull down old building is a question that can only be answered on a case-by-case basis.
When it comes to buildings with aesthetic, archaeological or architectural values, they should be properly maintained.
When it comes to other old buildings without specific value, entire destruction is an acceptable decision.

证明：收入越高，生活质量越高 //对比以下两段内容

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Take my friend Jason for example. Jason works in Beijing, and he has an incredibly high income. And of course, his life quality is very high. He has a lot of friends, and almost everyone envies him a lot. （23）分水平
Take my brother Jason for example. He works in Beijing as an 投行的人investment banker, and he could even earn over 1 million after tax each year. With such a handsome大量的钱 salary, he can always purchase items from top-tier顶级 brands such as Dior, soak himself in SK-II, dine in Michelin-starred restaurants such as Dadong, and of course afford to live in even penthouses. 顶层公寓
例证的原则：具体性+有效细节

例证细节填充

A/D:People should put emphasis on their appearance.

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主题句：
First off, a good appearance brings a good impression（可不可数都可以）.
解释：
To explain it further, being presentable体面的 makes people feel more at ease when they attend formal events.
举例：Take my brother for instance. He once went to a job interview （unshaved）, wearing （old jeans） and a （baggy overcoat） with a big （coffee stain） on it. We didn't know what happened there but he came home quite upset, with no good news.
（Nevertheless）, after some contemplation思考, he decided to take another shot/have another . This time he did some serious preparation, having （the hair trimmed）, putting on his （newly-bought suit and tie）. It wasn't long before we heard that he got the job offer.
小结：
So it seems clear to me that the proper look conveys positive message to people around us.

要背的的综合写作模板：

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The reading and listening materials have a debate on … . The writer believes …, which is contradicted by the following lecturer.
 
Firstly, the author claims that … while the lecturer views this issue from an opposite angle. According to him/her …
Secondly, the writer states that … . However, the speaker opposes the writer’s opinion by saying that …
Thirdly, the passage argues that … . By contrast, in accordance with the professor, the reading’s claim does not hold water because …
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